General medical disorders
Disorders of volume
Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding . Thrombocytes are important for blood coagulation and the formation of blood clots which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the internal organs or bones can cause internal bleeding , which can sometimes be severe.
Disorders of circulation
*Shock is the ineffective perfusion of tissues.
*Atherosclerosis reduces the flow of blood through arteries, because atheroma lines arteries and narrows them. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its progression can be compounded by many causes including smoking, high blood pressure , excess circulating lipids (hyperlipidemia ), and diabetes mellitus .
*Coagulation can form a thrombosis which can obstruct vessels.
*Problems with blood composition, the pumping action of the heart, or narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues supplied. The term ischaemia refers to tissue which is inadequately perfused with blood, and infarction refers to tissue death (necrosis ) which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked (or is very inadequate).
Hematological disorders
Disorders of volume
Injury can cause blood loss through bleeding . Thrombocytes are important for blood coagulation and the formation of blood clots which can stop bleeding. Trauma to the internal organs or bones can cause internal bleeding , which can sometimes be severe.
Disorders of circulation
*Shock is the ineffective perfusion of tissues.
*Atherosclerosis reduces the flow of blood through arteries, because atheroma lines arteries and narrows them. Atheroma tends to increase with age, and its progression can be compounded by many causes including smoking, high blood pressure , excess circulating lipids (hyperlipidemia ), and diabetes mellitus .
*Coagulation can form a thrombosis which can obstruct vessels.
*Problems with blood composition, the pumping action of the heart, or narrowing of blood vessels can have many consequences including hypoxia (lack of oxygen) of the tissues supplied. The term ischaemia refers to tissue which is inadequately perfused with blood, and infarction refers to tissue death (necrosis ) which can occur when the blood supply has been blocked (or is very inadequate).
Hematological disorders
*Anemia Insufficient red cell mass (anemia ) can be the result of bleeding, blood diseases like thalassemia , or nutritional deficiencies; and may require blood transfusion . Several countries have blood banks to fill the demand for transfusable blood. A person receiving a blood transfusion must have a blood type compatible with that of the donor.
*Disorders of cell proliferation
Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues.
Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (polycythemia vera ) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis ) may be premalignant .
Myelodysplastic syndromes involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines.
*Disorders of coagulation
*Disorders of cell proliferation
Leukemia is a group of cancers of the blood-forming tissues.
Non-cancerous overproduction of red cells (polycythemia vera ) or platelets (essential thrombocytosis ) may be premalignant .
Myelodysplastic syndromes involve ineffective production of one or more cell lines.
*Disorders of coagulation
Hemophilia is a genetic illness that causes dysfunction in one of the blood's clotting mechanisms . This can allow otherwise inconsequential wounds to be life-threatening, but more commonly results in hemarthrosis , or bleeding into joint spaces, which can be crippling.
Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in coagulopathy (bleeding disorders).
Hypercoagulable state (thrombophilia ) results from defects in regulation of platelet or clotting factor function, and can cause thrombosis.
*Infectious disorders of blood
Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV , the virus which causes AIDS , is transmitted through contact between blood, semen , or the bodily secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections , bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard .
Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis . Viral Infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide , for example, is extremely dangerous when carried to the blood via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoblobin to form carboxyhemoglobin , so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen, and less oxygen can be transported in the blood. This can cause suffocation insidiously. A fire burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard since it can create a build-up of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when smoking tobacco.
Ineffective or insufficient platelets can also result in coagulopathy (bleeding disorders).
Hypercoagulable state (thrombophilia ) results from defects in regulation of platelet or clotting factor function, and can cause thrombosis.
*Infectious disorders of blood
Blood is an important vector of infection. HIV , the virus which causes AIDS , is transmitted through contact between blood, semen , or the bodily secretions of an infected person. Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C are transmitted primarily through blood contact. Owing to blood-borne infections , bloodstained objects are treated as a biohazard .
Bacterial infection of the blood is bacteremia or sepsis . Viral Infection is viremia. Malaria and trypanosomiasis are blood-borne parasitic infections.
Carbon monoxide poisoning
Substances other than oxygen can bind to hemoglobin; in some cases this can cause irreversible damage to the body. Carbon monoxide , for example, is extremely dangerous when carried to the blood via the lungs by inhalation, because carbon monoxide irreversibly binds to hemoblobin to form carboxyhemoglobin , so that less hemoglobin is free to bind oxygen, and less oxygen can be transported in the blood. This can cause suffocation insidiously. A fire burning in an enclosed room with poor ventilation presents a very dangerous hazard since it can create a build-up of carbon monoxide in the air. Some carbon monoxide binds to hemoglobin when smoking tobacco.
No comments:
Post a Comment